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Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges. They are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at mid-ocean ridges, ocean basins, and hotspots. [1]
Deep ocean water contains the largest reservoir of nitrogen available to hydrothermal vents, with around 0.59 mM of dissolved nitrogen gas. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Ammonium is the dominant species of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and can be produced by water mass mixing below hydrothermal vents and discharged in vent fluids. [ 25 ]
The lava cactus is endemic to the Galápagos, where it is found on Fernandina, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, and Santiago, [12] as well as some smaller islands, [2] including Bartolomé. [1] It grows on barren lava flows, both pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā. [2] It is one of the first species to grow on new lava flows. [1]
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3,000 and 6,000 metres (9,800 and 19,700 ft).Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface.
Ceratophyllum demersum is a cosmopolitan species of aquatic plant. Drosera, the sundews, are carnivorous plants with species found on every continent except Antarctica. Duckweeds are tiny flowering plants that float on the surface of water, with members of the group found worldwide. Isoetes is a cosmopolitan genus of lycophyte known as the ...
There are around 200 volcanoes in Texas that have been extinct for millions of years, making them unlikely to erupt again, because the volcano no longer has a magma supply.
The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to account for 75% of the magma output on Earth. [1] Although most submarine volcanoes are located in the depths of seas and oceans, some also exist in shallow water, and these can discharge material into the atmosphere during an eruption.
They are the remnants of a volcano that has been dormant [9] for about 1.4 million years. [10] Some geological references suggest that the volcano represents the southernmost boundary of the Cascade Volcanoes, but there are significant differences in age and form compared to the other volcanoes in that range. [11]