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Mono is primarily diagnosed based on the symptoms and can be confirmed with blood tests for specific antibodies. [3] Another typical finding is increased blood lymphocytes of which more than 10% are reactive. [3] [9] The monospot test is not recommended for general use due to poor accuracy. [10]
The test is usually performed using commercially available test kits which detect the reaction of heterophile antibodies in a person's blood sample with horse or cow red blood cell antigens. These test kits work on the principles of latex agglutination or immunochromatography. Using this method, the test can be performed by individuals without ...
Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies with affinity for sheep and horse red blood cells. They appear during the first week of infectious mononucleosis symptoms, 3–4 weeks after infection and return to undetectable levels 3 to 6 months after infection. Heterophile antibody is a fairly specific but insensitive test for EBV.
Individuals with CBL-MZ commonly present with: B-cell blood counts that are extremely high (>4.0x10 9; range 3.0x10 9 /L to 37.1x10 9 /L);, [6] represent a large percentage of cases that would otherwise be designated as non-CLL/SLL MLB; [2] often have an IgM monoclonal gammopathy, i.e. high blood levels of a monoclonal IgM antibody; and in ...
Blood test results for persons with infectious mononucleosis include an elevated white blood cell count, an increased percentage of atypical mononuclear cells. Liver enzymes are often elevated. A positive "mono spot" test is useful in confirming the diagnosis but a negative result does not rule out primary EBV infection.
MGUS resembles multiple myeloma and similar diseases, but the levels of antibodies are lower, [2] the number of plasma cells (white blood cells that secrete antibodies) in the bone marrow is lower, and it rarely has symptoms or major problems. However, since MGUS can lead to multiple myeloma, which develops at the rate of about 1.5% a year, or ...
MonoMAC is a presentation of GATA2 deficiency that involves primarily signs and symptoms of immune deficiency that cause an extremely high susceptibility to infections and infection-induced benign and malignant tumors. In addition to this, however, MonoMAC-afflicted individuals often show one or more signs and symptoms of other GATA2 presentations.
Free light chains (FLCs) are immunoglobulin light chains that are found in the serum (blood) in an unbound (free) state. In recent decades, measuring the amount of free light chains (FLCs) in the blood has become a practical clinical test. FLC tests can be used to diagnose and monitor diseases like multiple myeloma and amyloidosis.