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Lead was more expensive than iron, but it was softer and less damaging to the relatively weak iron barrels of early muskets. Lead could be cast in a ladle over a wood fire used for cooking or home heating, while casting iron required higher temperatures. Greater density of lead allowed lead bullets to retain velocity and energy better than iron ...
There is a relatively large difference in the electronegativity of lead(II) at 1.87 and lead(IV) at 2.33. This difference marks the reversal in the trend of increasing stability of the +4 oxidation state going down the carbon group; tin, by comparison, has values of 1.80 in the +2 oxidation state and 1.96 in the +4 state. [63]
Metals in the middle of the reactivity series, such as iron, will react with acids such as sulfuric acid (but not water at normal temperatures) to give hydrogen and a metal salt, such as iron(II) sulfate: Fe (s) + H 2 SO 4 (l) → FeSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) There is some ambiguity at the borderlines between the groups.
Iron plays an essential role in marine systems and can act as a limiting nutrient for planktonic activity. [200] Because of this, too much of a decrease in iron may lead to a decrease in growth rates in phytoplanktonic organisms such as diatoms. [201] Iron can also be oxidized by marine microbes under conditions that are high in iron and low in ...
Lead(II,IV) oxide, also called red lead or minium, is the inorganic compound with the formula Pb 3 O 4. A bright red or orange solid, it is used as pigment, in the manufacture of batteries, and rustproof primer paints. It is an example of a mixed valence compound, being composed of both Pb(II) and Pb(IV) in the ratio of two to one. [2]
The iron compounds produced on the largest scale in industry are iron(II) sulfate (FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O) and iron(III) chloride (FeCl 3). The former is one of the most readily available sources of iron(II), but is less stable to aerial oxidation than Mohr's salt ((NH 4) 2 Fe(SO 4) 2 ·6H 2 O). Iron(II) compounds tend to be oxidized to iron(III ...
Tin-plate; tin-lead solder: −0.65 Lead, solid or plated; high lead alloys: −0.70 2000 series wrought aluminium: −0.75 Iron, wrought, gray, or malleable; low alloy and plain carbon steels: −0.85 Aluminium, wrought alloys other than 2000 series aluminium, cast alloys of the silicon type: −0.90