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The fungal cell wall is made of a chitin-glucan complex; while glucans are also found in plants and chitin in the exoskeleton of arthropods, [36] fungi are the only organisms that combine these two structural molecules in their cell wall. Unlike those of plants and oomycetes, fungal cell walls do not contain cellulose. [37] [38]
1885; Experimental proof that bacteria can cause plant diseases: Erwinia amylovora and fire blight of apple [1] 1886–1898; Recognition of plant viral diseases: Tobacco mosaic virus [1] 1889; Introduction of hot water treatment of seed for disease control by J. L. Jensen [1]
Aspergillus flavus is a notable plant pathogen impacting crop yields and a common cause of aspergillosis. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause of aspergillosis in individuals with an immunodeficiency. Aspergillus nidulans has seen heavy use as research organism in cell biology.
He discovered that the muscardine disease of silkworms was caused by a living, very small, parasitic organism, a fungus that would be named eventually Beauveria bassiana in his honor. In 1844, he stated the idea that not only animal (insect), but also human diseases are caused by other living microorganisms; for example, measles , syphilis ...
Around the outside of the cell membrane is the cell wall. Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (also called murein), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides containing D-amino acids. [75] Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi, which are made of cellulose and chitin ...
Like bacteria, plant cells have cell walls, and contain organelles such as chloroplasts in addition to the organelles in other eukaryotes. Chloroplasts produce energy from light by photosynthesis , and were also originally symbiotic bacteria .
Cell wall-degrading enzymes: These are used to break down the plant cell wall in order to release the nutrients inside and include esterases, glycosyl hydrolases, lyases and oxidoreductases. [ 5 ] Toxins : These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant.
Phytophthora (from Greek φυτόν (phytón), "plant" and φθορά (phthorá), "destruction"; "the plant-destroyer") is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water molds), whose member species cause economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental damage in natural ecosystems. The cell wall of Phytophthora is made up of cellulose.