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Glipizide, sold under the brand name Glucotrol among others, is an anti-diabetic medication of the sulfonylurea class used to treat type 2 diabetes. [1] [2] It is used together with a diabetic diet and exercise. [1] [2] It is not indicated for use by itself in type 1 diabetes. [1] [2] It is taken by mouth.
With dose-dependent concentrations the half-life is about 12–13 hours, Tmax 1–2 hours and it is protein-bound, so the medication has a rapid absorption and minimal excretion by the kidney. [ 49 ] Dapagliflozin disposition is not evidently affected by body mass index (BMI) or body weight , therefore the pharmacokinetic findings are expected ...
Native GLP-1 is a peptide hormone with a half-life of two minutes because it is rapidly cleared by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4. [29] As a result, different GLP-1 agonist drugs are modified in various ways to extend the half-life, resulting in drugs that can be dosed multiple times per day, daily, weekly, or less often. [ 29 ]
As an example we can take the change of o-glycosides to c-glycosides by creating a carbon–carbon bond between the glucose and the aglycone moiety. C-glucosides are more stable than o-glucosides which leads to modified half-life and duration of action. These modifications have also led to more specificity to SGLT-2. [9]
Pramlintide has been approved on 3/16/2005 by the FDA, for use by type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients who use insulin. [6] (subscription required) Pramlintide allows patients to use less insulin, lowers average blood sugar levels, and substantially reduces what otherwise would be a large unhealthy rise in blood sugar that occurs in diabetics right after eating.
GLP-1 and GIP have extremely short plasma half-lives due to very rapid inactivation, catalyzed by the enzyme DPP-4. Inhibition of DPP-4 slows their inactivation, thereby potentiating their action, leading to lower plasma glucose levels, hence its utility in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (Figure 1). [2] [7]
Eli Lilly & Co., the Fortune 500 pharma firm that manufactures weight-loss injection Zepbound (tirzepatide), has a comparable oral medication in the works that could be approved by the FDA as ...
Glibenclamide, also known as glyburide, is an antidiabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. [1] It is recommended that it be taken together with diet and exercise. [1]