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RNA silencing is the mechanism that our cells (and cells from all kingdoms) use to fight RNA viruses and transposons (which originate from our own cells as well as from other vehicles). [2] In the case of RNA viruses, these get destroyed immediately by the mechanism cited above. In the case of transposons, it's a little more indirect.
Top line: A transposon, defined by the mirrored sets of red double arrows (IR/DRs) is shown as contained in another DNA molecule (e.g., a plasmid shown by the blue lines). The transposon in this example harbors an expression cassette consisting of a promoter (blue oval) that can direct transcription of the gene or other DNA sequence labeled ...
The nucleus of a human cell showing the location of euchromatin. The term epigenetics refers to three levels of gene regulation: (1) DNA methylation, (2) histone modifications, and (3) non-coding RNA (ncRNA) function. Briefly, histone-mediated transcriptional control occurs by the wrapping of DNA around a histone core.
Up-regulation is a process which occurs within a cell triggered by a signal (originating internal or external to the cell), which results in increased expression of one or more genes and as a result the proteins encoded by those genes. Conversely, down-regulation is a process resulting in decreased gene and corresponding protein expression.
In cellular biology, stable cells are cells that multiply only when needed. They spend most of the time in the quiescent G 0 phase of the cell cycle but can be stimulated to enter the cell cycle when needed. Examples include the liver, the proximal tubules of the kidney and endocrine glands.
In some experiments, a researcher may want to control and synchronize the time when a group of cells progress to the next phase of the cell cycle. [5] The cells can be induced to arrest as they arrive (at different time points) at a certain phase, so that when the arrest is lifted (for instance, rescuing cell cycle progression by introducing another chemical) all the cells resume cell cycle ...
Studies to determine what role pluripotent stem cells play in adipogenesis, were examined in the immortalized human bone marrow-derived stromal cell line hMSC-Tert20. [220] Decreased expression of miR-155 , miR-221 , and miR-222 , have been found during the adipogenic programming of both immortalized and primary hMSCs, suggesting that they act ...
A cell line derived from the cabbage looper is of particular interest, as it has been developed to grow fast and without the expensive serum normally needed to boost cell growth. [27] [28] The shuttle vector is called bacmid, and gene expression is under the control of a strong promoter pPolh. [29]
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