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[3] [5] [2] The atmosphere of Mars is much thinner and colder than Earth's having a max density 20g/m 3 (about 2% of Earth’s value) with a temperature generally below zero down to -60 Celsius. The average surface pressure is about 610 pascals (0.088 psi) which is 0.6% of the Earth's value.
One effect of this is that Mars' atmosphere can react much more quickly to a given energy input than Earth's atmosphere. [51] As a consequence, Mars is subject to strong thermal tides produced by solar heating rather than a gravitational influence. These tides can be significant, being up to 10% of the total atmospheric pressure (typically ...
Lung air pressure difference moving the normal breaths of a person (only 0.3% of standard atmospheric pressure) [35] [36] 400–900 Pa 0.06–0.13 psi Atmospheric pressure on Mars, < 1% of atmospheric sea-level pressure on Earth [37] 610 Pa 0.089 psi Partial vapor pressure at the triple point of water (611.657 Pa) [38] [39] 10 3 Pa
The datum for Mars was defined initially in terms of a constant atmospheric pressure. From the Mariner 9 mission up until 2001, this was chosen as 610.5 Pa (6.105 mbar), on the basis that below this pressure liquid water can never be stable (i.e., the triple point of water is at this pressure).
The average surface pressure on Mars is 0.6-0.9 kPa, compared to about 101 kPa for Earth. This results in a much lower atmospheric thermal inertia, and as a consequence Mars is subject to strong thermal tides that can change total atmospheric pressure by up to 10%. The thin atmosphere also increases the variability of the planet's temperature.
Atmospheric entry interface velocities on a Mars–Earth trajectory are on the order of 12 km/s (43,000 km/h; 27,000 mph). [24] Modeling high-speed Mars atmospheric entry—which involves a carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon atmosphere—is even more complex requiring a 19-species model.
There are no permanent bodies of liquid water on the surface. The atmosphere is thin, and more than 96% of it is toxic carbon dioxide. Its atmospheric pressure is below 1% that of Earth. Combined with its lack of a magnetosphere, Mars is open to harmful radiation from the Sun. Although no astronauts have set foot on Mars, the planet has been ...
The process of terraforming aims to mitigate the following distinctions between Mars and Earth, among others: Reduced light levels (about 60% of Earth) [11] Low surface gravity (38% of Earth's) Unbreathable atmosphere [12] Low atmospheric pressure (about 1% of Earth's; well below the Armstrong limit) Ionizing solar and cosmic radiation at the ...