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Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is a histologic term used to describe specific changes that occur to the structure of the lungs during injury or disease.Most often DAD is described in association with the early stages of acute respiratory distress syndrome (). [1]
Interstitial lung disease (ILD), or diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), [3] is a group of respiratory diseases affecting the interstitium (the tissue) and space around the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. [4] It concerns alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and perivascular and perilymphatic tissues. It ...
It is hypothesized that the initial or repetitive injury in IPF occurs to the lung alveolar epithelial cells (pneumocytes), the type I and type II cells, which line the majority of the alveolar surface. [22] When type I cells are damaged or lost, it is thought that type II cells undergo proliferation to cover the exposed basement membranes. In ...
Lung transplantation is the only therapeutic option available in severe cases. A lung transplant can improve the patient's quality of life. [30] Immunosuppressive drugs can also be considered. These are sometimes prescribed to slow the processes that lead to fibrosis. Some types of lung fibrosis respond to corticosteroids, such as prednisone. [29]
Alveoli make up the functional tissue of the mammalian lungs known as the lung parenchyma, which takes up 90 percent of the total lung volume. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Alveoli are first located in the respiratory bronchioles that mark the beginning of the respiratory zone .
Restrictive lung diseases are a category of extrapulmonary, pleural, or parenchymal respiratory diseases that restrict lung expansion, [2] resulting in a decreased lung volume, an increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation. Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity.
Because the hyperplasia of PNE cells can be seen as a reaction to chronic lung disease, surrounding solitary bronchial carcinoids and adenocarcinoma of the lung, these causes must be excluded prior to a DIPENCH diagnosis. [1] Obstructive bronchiolitis has been reported as a characteristic histopathologic finding in patients with DIPNECH. [8]
LAM cells appear to arise from an extrapulmonary source and migrate to the lung. [21] Increased LAM cell migration and invasiveness is rescued by TSC2 re-expression. [49] The cellular and molecular mechanisms of neoplastic transformation and lung parenchymal destruction by LAM cells remain unknown.