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In physics, Loschmidt's paradox (named for J.J. Loschmidt), also known as the reversibility paradox, irreversibility paradox, or Umkehreinwand (from German 'reversal objection'), [1] is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from time-symmetric dynamics.
An irreversible process increases the total entropy of the system and its surroundings. The second law of thermodynamics can be used to determine whether a hypothetical process is reversible or not. Intuitively, a process is reversible if there is no dissipation. For example, Joule expansion is irreversible because initially the system is not ...
In maximum parsimony, Dollo parsimony refers to a model whereby a characteristic is gained only one time and can never be regained if it is lost. [8] For example, the evolution and repeated loss of teeth in vertebrates could be well-modeled under Dollo parsimony, whereby teeth made from hydroxyapatite evolved only once at the origin of vertebrates, and were then lost multiple times, in birds ...
Process theories are important in management and software engineering. [3] Process theories are used to explain how decisions are made [4] how software is designed [5] [6] and how software processes are improved. [7] Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories.
The entropy-production rate of every process in nature is always positive or zero. This is an essential aspect of the second law. The Σ's indicate the algebraic sum of the respective contributions if there are more heat flows, matter flows, and internal processes.
Landauer's principle is a physical principle pertaining to a lower theoretical limit of energy consumption of computation.It holds that an irreversible change in information stored in a computer, such as merging two computational paths, dissipates a minimum amount of heat to its surroundings. [1]
The Joule expansion (a subset of free expansion) is an irreversible process in thermodynamics in which a volume of gas is kept in one side of a thermally isolated container (via a small partition), with the other side of the container being evacuated. The partition between the two parts of the container is then opened, and the gas fills the ...
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