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In photography, reciprocity is the inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of light that determines the reaction of light-sensitive material. Within a normal exposure range for film stock, for example, the reciprocity law states that the film response will be determined by the total exposure, defined as intensity × time.
The basic rule is, "On a sunny day set aperture to f /16 and shutter speed to the [reciprocal of the] ISO film speed [or ISO setting] for a subject in direct sunlight." [1] In simplest terms, bright sun = f:16 @ 1/film-speed-number (aperture and shutter speed, respectively). For example:
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An example of the use of f-numbers in photography is the sunny 16 rule: an approximately correct exposure will be obtained on a sunny day by using an aperture of f /16 and the shutter speed closest to the reciprocal of the ISO speed of the film; for example, using ISO 200 film, an aperture of f /16 and a shutter speed of 1 ⁄ 200 second. The f ...
Usual meaning is the reciprocal of the distance between two just-distinguishable subject details. [7] S or TV: Shutter priority or time value. Automatic exposure mode where the photographer sets a shutter speed, and the AE firmware automatically sets the appropriate lens aperture. [4] SC: Soft Capture. Capture of light emitting objects as the ...
Reciprocity (photography), the relationship between the intensity of the light and duration of the exposure that result in identical exposure; Reciprocity of twist and wrench, in screw theory; Reciprocity theorem (disambiguation), several unrelated results; Reciprocity of antenna transmitting and receiving characteristics
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Reciprocity law failure is a phenomenon where the same amount of exposure (irradiance multiplied by duration of exposure) produces different image density when the irradiance (and thus duration) is varied. There are two kinds of reciprocity failure. They are both related to poor efficiency of utilizing photoelectrons to create latent image centers.