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Black-capped chickadee with avian keratin disorder Avian keratin disorder ( AKD ) is an emerging disease among wild birds in North America characterized by overgrowth and deformities of beaks . Cases were first observed among black-capped chickadees in Alaska in the late 1990s, and it has spread rapidly since then. [ 1 ]
Bumblefoot (ulcerative pododermatitis) is a common bacterial infection and inflammatory reaction that occurs on the feet of birds, rodents, and rabbits. [1] It is caused by bacteria, namely species of Staphylococcus , Pseudomonas , and Escherichia , with S. aureus being the most common cause of the infection. [ 1 ]
Pacheco's disease most commonly occurs in Amazon parrots, followed by African grey parrots, parrots, macaws, cockatoos and conures. [4] Due to a very high mortality rate within these susceptible species, concerns are brought to companion bird markets and breeders. [5] [6] The main sign of Pacheco's disease is a sudden and rapid death of birds.
Psittacine beak and feather disease was first described in the early 1980s and has become recognised as the dominant viral pathogen of psittacine birds worldwide. In wild red-rumped grass parakeets (Psephotus haematonotus), a case of feather loss syndrome that was highly suggestive of PBFD was first recorded in South Australia in 1907. [2]
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These birds do not show obvious signs of infection. Infection and mortality rates are not closely linked. The disease varies from a mild condition to a rapidly fatal one with death in 4–18 days post infection. [8] In young birds, the early lesions appear as small white to yellowish areas in the mouth cavity, especially the soft palate.
Avian malaria is a vector-transmitted disease caused by protozoa in the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus; these parasites reproduce asexually within bird hosts and both asexually and sexually within their insect vectors, which include mosquitoes (), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), and louse flies (Hippoboscidae). [6]
Signs of gastrointestinal disease (Haemorrhagic Enteritis) include diarrhea, anorexia, melena and hematochezia. Anaemia and dehydration may develop secondary to this haemorrhagic enteritis. Signs of reproductive disease (Egg Drop Syndrome) include low egg production/hatching and the laying of abnormal eggs (size, shape, colour, texture).