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The joined table retains each row—even if no other matching row exists. Outer joins subdivide further into left outer joins, right outer joins, and full outer joins, depending on which table's rows are retained: left, right, or both (in this case left and right refer to the two sides of the JOIN keyword).
The right outer join ( ) behaves almost identically to the left outer join, but the roles of the tables are switched. The right outer join of relations R and S is written as R S. [e] The result of the right outer join is the set of all combinations of tuples in R and S that are equal on their common attribute names, in addition to tuples in S ...
Set operations in SQL is a type of operations which allow the results of multiple queries to be combined into a single result set. [ 1 ] Set operators in SQL include UNION , INTERSECT , and EXCEPT , which mathematically correspond to the concepts of union , intersection and set difference .
The derived table is sometimes referred to as an inline view or a subselect. In the following example, the SQL statement involves a join from the initial "Book" table to the derived table "sales". This derived table captures associated book sales information using the ISBN to join to the "Book" table.
The sort-merge join (also known as merge join) is a join algorithm and is used in the implementation of a relational database management system. The basic problem of a join algorithm is to find, for each distinct value of the join attribute, the set of tuples in each relation which display that value. The key idea of the sort-merge algorithm is ...
For example, think of A as Authors, and B as Books. An Author can write several Books, and a Book can be written by several Authors. In a relational database management system, such relationships are usually implemented by means of an associative table (also known as join table, junction table or cross-reference table), say, AB with two one-to-many relationships A → AB and B → AB.
PGQL [33] is a language designed and implemented by Oracle Inc., but made available as an open source specification, [34] along with JVM parsing software. [35] PGQL combines familiar SQL SELECT syntax including SQL expressions and result ordering and aggregation with a pattern matching language very similar to that of Cypher.
A table in a SQL database schema corresponds to a predicate variable; the contents of a table to a relation; key constraints, other constraints, and SQL queries correspond to predicates. However, SQL databases deviate from the relational model in many details, and Codd fiercely argued against deviations that compromise the original principles. [3]