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The loop has also been divided into limbic, associative, oculomotor, and motor circuits [4] to explain the role of dopamine in the basal ganglia on motivational states. [10] A five loop division based on primary cortical targets has been described as follows: [11]
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease involving the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. [1] CBD symptoms typically begin in people from 50 to 70 years of age, and typical survival before death is eight years.
The basal ganglia is a collective group of structures in the brain. These include the striatum, (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus. Along with other structures, the basal ganglia are part of a neural circuit that is integral to voluntary motor function. [1]
MeSH lists Lewy body disease in several categories: as a nervous system disease in two listings, one as a basal ganglia Parkinsonian movement disorder and the other under brain disease as a dementia; as a neurodegenerative disorder listed as a synucleinopathy; and as a neurocognitive disorder listed with dementia.
In other words, the symptoms of LATE are similar to those of Alzheimer's disease. The acronym LATE stands for L imbic-predominant A ge-related T DP-43 E ncephalopathy. “ Limbic ” is related to the brain areas first involved, “age-related” and the name “LATE” itself refer to the onset of disease usually in persons aged 80 or older.
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation is a heterogenous group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases, still under research, in which iron accumulates in the basal ganglia, either resulting in progressive dystonia, parkinsonism, spasticity, optic atrophy, retinal degeneration, neuropsychiatric, or diverse neurologic abnormalities. [1]
Life expectancy is difficult to predict, and limited study data are available. [188] Survival may be defined from the point of disease onset, or from the point of diagnosis. [210] There is wide variability in survival times, as DLB may be rapidly or slowly progressing. [8]
Juvenile Huntington's disease has a life expectancy rate of 10 years after onset of visible symptoms. Most life-threatening complications result from muscle coordination, and to a lesser extent, behavioral changes induced by declining cognitive function. The largest risk is pneumonia, which causes death in one third of those with HD.