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  2. Instruments used in general medicine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_used_in...

    Medical halogen penlight: to see into the eye, natural orifices, etc. and to test for pupillary light reflex, etc. Medical ultrasound: to create an image of internal body structures Nasogastric tube: for nasogastric suction or the introduction of food or drugs into the body Nebulizer: to produce aerosols of drugs to be administered by ...

  3. Flashlight - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlight

    A medical halogen penlight to observe pupillary light reflex An LED headlamp. A penlight is a small, pen-sized flashlight, often containing two AA or AAA batteries. In some types, the incandescent light bulb has an integral lens that focuses the light, so no reflector is built into the penlight. Others use incandescent bulbs mounted in reflectors.

  4. Pupillary light reflex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupillary_light_reflex

    A medical halogen penlight used to observe pupillary light reflex. Pupillary light reflex provides a useful diagnostic tool for testing the integrity of the sensory and motor functions of the eye. [1] Emergency physicians routinely test pupillary light reflex to assess brain stem function.

  5. Surgical lighting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_lighting

    A surgical light – also referred to as an operating light or surgical lighthead – is a medical device intended to assist medical personnel during a surgical procedure by illuminating a local area or cavity of the patient. A combination of several surgical lights is often referred to as a “surgical light system”.

  6. Pupillometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupillometry

    Traditionally, pupil measurements have been performed in a subjective manner by using a penlight or flashlight to manually evaluate pupil reactivity (sPLR, "s" stands for standard) and using a pupil gauge to estimate pupil size. However, manual pupillary assessment is subject to significant inaccuracies and inconsistencies.

  7. Cranial nerve examination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerve_examination

    Pupillary light reflex is tested by having the patient stare into the distance as the examiner shines the penlight obliquely into each pupil. Pupillary constriction is tested for on the eye examined (direct response) and on the opposite eye (consensual response). The swinging flashlight test involves moving the light between the two pupils.

  8. List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_used...

    This is a list of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions, including hospital orders (the patient-directed part of which is referred to as sig codes).This list does not include abbreviations for pharmaceuticals or drug name suffixes such as CD, CR, ER, XT (See Time release technology § List of abbreviations for those).

  9. Neurological pupil index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_Pupil_Index

    The Neurological Pupil index, or NPi, is an algorithm developed by NeurOptics, Inc., that removes subjectivity from the pupillary evaluation. A patient's pupil measurement (including variables such as size, latency, constriction velocity, dilation velocity, etc.) is obtained using a pupillometer, and the measurement is compared against a normative model of pupil reaction to light and ...

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