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Benzodiazepine overdose (BZD OD) describes the ingestion of one of the drugs in the benzodiazepine class in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced. The most common symptoms of overdose include central nervous system (CNS) depression, impaired balance, ataxia , and slurred speech.
Therapeutically, it acts as both an antagonist and antidote to benzodiazepines (particularly in cases of overdose), through competitive inhibition. It was first characterized in 1981, [5] and was first marketed in 1987 by Hoffmann-La Roche under the trade name Anexate. However, it did not receive FDA approval until December 20, 1991.
The antidote for an overdose of midazolam (or any other benzodiazepine) is flumazenil. [41] While effective in reversing the effects of benzodiazepines it is not used in most cases as it may trigger seizures in mixed overdoses and benzodiazepine dependent individuals. [60] [61] Symptoms of midazolam overdose can include: [60] [61]
Due to its toxicity, picrotoxin is now most commonly used as a research tool. However, due to its antagonist effect on GABA receptors, it has been used as a central nervous system stimulant. It was also previously used as an antidote for poisoning by CNS depressants, especially barbiturates .
An electrocardiogram (ECG) should be included in the assessment when there is concern of an overdose. [2] In overdose activated charcoal is often recommended. [1] People should not be forced to vomit. [2] In those who have a wide QRS complex (> 100 ms) sodium bicarbonate is recommended. [2] If seizures occur benzodiazepines should be given. [2]
Those patients essentially overdose because the drugs stay in the body for hours rather than being quickly metabolized and excreted. The drugs kill an estimated 1 in 1,000 patients who take them ...
The various benzodiazepines differ in their toxicity; temazepam appears most toxic in overdose and when used with other drugs. [165] [166] The symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include; drowsiness, slurred speech, nystagmus, hypotension, ataxia, coma, respiratory depression, and cardiorespiratory arrest. [163]
The CDC reported recently that heroin-related overdose deaths jumped 39 percent nationwide between 2012 and 2013, surging to 8,257. In the past decade, Arizona’s heroin deaths rose by more than 90 percent. New York City had 420 heroin overdose deaths in 2013 — the most in a decade.
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