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2. DC-to-DC converter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-to-DC_converter

   DC-to-DC converters are used in portable electronic devices such as cellular phones and laptop computers, which are supplied with power from batteries primarily. Such electronic devices often contain several sub-circuits, each with its own voltage level requirement different from that supplied by the battery or an external supply (sometimes higher or lower than the supply voltage).

3. Boost converter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boost_converter

   A boost converter or step-up converter is a DC-to-DC converter that increases voltage, while decreasing current, from its input to its output . It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors, a diode and a transistor , and at least one energy storage element: a capacitor , inductor , or the two in ...

4. Buck–boost converter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck–boost_converter

   The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is equivalent to a flyback converter using a single inductor instead of a transformer. [1] Two different topologies are called buck–boost converter. Both of them can produce a ...

5. Chopper (electronics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_(electronics)

   These are DC amplifiers. Some types of signals that need amplifying can be so small that an incredibly high gain is required, but very high gain DC amplifiers are much harder to build with low offset and / noise, and reasonable stability and bandwidth. It's much easier to build an AC amplifier instead. A chopper circuit is used to break up the ...

6. Buck converter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_converter

   A buck converter or step-down converter is a DC-to-DC converter which decreases voltage, while increasing current, from its input to its output . It is a class of switched-mode power supply . Switching converters (such as buck converters) provide much greater power efficiency as DC-to-DC converters than linear regulators , which are simpler ...

7. Flyback converter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyback_converter

   Fig. 1: Schematic of a flyback converter. The flyback converter is used in both AC/DC, and DC/DC conversion with galvanic isolation between the input and any outputs. The flyback converter is a buck-boost converter with the inductor split to form a transformer, so that the voltage ratios are multiplied with an additional advantage of isolation.