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Most of the defendants had surrendered to the United States Army, but the Soviet Union held a few high-ranking Nazis who were extradited for trial at Nuremberg. [1] The defendants included some of the most famous Nazis, including Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Wilhelm Keitel.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 31 December 2024. Series of military trials at the end of World War II For the film, see Nuremberg Trials (film). "International Military Tribunal" redirects here. For the Tokyo Trial, see International Military Tribunal for the Far East. International Military Tribunal Judges' bench during the tribunal ...
The trials gained so much attention that the "superior orders defense" has subsequently become interchangeable with the label "Nuremberg defense", a legal defense that essentially states that defendants were "only following orders" ("Befehl ist Befehl", literally "an order is an order") and so are not responsible for their crimes.
The Betrayal: The Nuremberg Trials and German Divergence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-256374-3. Neave, Airey (1946). Colonel Neave Report: Final Report on the Evidence of Witnesses for the Defense of Organizations Alleged to be Criminal, Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 42 [1] Tusa, Ann; Tusa, John (2010) [1983]. The Nuremberg Trial.
The High Command Trial (officially, The United States of America vs. Wilhelm von Leeb, et al.), also known initially as Case No. 12 (the 13 Generals' Trial), [1] and later as Case No. 72 (the German high command trial: Trial of Wilhelm von Leeb and thirteen others), [2] was the last of the twelve trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone of Germany in Nuremberg ...
The subsequent Nuremberg trials (also Nuremberg Military Tribunals; 1946–1949) were twelve military tribunals for war crimes committed by the leaders of Nazi Germany (1933–1945). The Nuremberg Military Tribunals occurred after the Nuremberg trials , held by the International Military Tribunal , which concluded in October 1946.
In October 1945, Kranzbühler was called by the agency of the British Royal Navy to Nuremberg to serve as defense counsel for Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, Commander and Chief of the Kriegsmarine, before the International Military Trial in Nuremberg. Dönitz specifically requested Kranzbühler, a fellow Kriegsmarine, to represent him in his defense.
The Caroline test is a 19th-century formulation of customary international law, reaffirmed by the Nuremberg Tribunal after World War II, which said that the necessity for preemptive self-defense must be "instant, overwhelming, and leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation."