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Title IX is an increasingly important issue in college sports law. [2] The act, passed in 1972, makes it illegal for a federally funded institution to discriminate on the basis of sex or gender. In sports law, the piece of legislation often refers to the effort to achieve equality for women's sports in colleges.
The House passed the "Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act," which could change Title IX protections and ensure only "biological females" participate versus biological females in athletics ...
The case of Cohen v.Brown University challenged cost-cutting efforts Brown University made in 1991 that targeted women's sports and women's interest in sports. Women's volleyball and gymnastics teams were demoted from university-funded varsity status to donor-funded club varsity status, along with the men's water polo and golf teams.
Title IX has had a considerable impact on college athletics. Since its passing, Title IX has allowed for female participation to almost double in college sports. Before the law was passed in 1972 fewer than 30,000 girls participated in college sports; as of 2011 more than 200,000 girls participated in college sports. [50]
The outgoing administration's Department of Education dropped an 11th-hour salvo saying any payments must be “proportionately” distributed to men and women athletes to satisfy Title IX.
Many of the athletics expanded after the Title IX agreement — rowing, swimming and lacrosse, for example — were not as readily accessible to Black women in 1972, perhaps even today.
Grove City College v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555 (1984), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Title IX, which applies only to colleges and universities that receive federal funds, could be applied to a private school that refused direct federal funding but for which a large number of students had received federally funded scholarships.
The review included an inflation-adjusted analysis of financial reports provided to the NCAA by 201 public universities competing in Division I, information that was obtained through public records requests. The average athletic subsidy these colleges and their students have paid to their athletics departments increased 16 percent during that time.