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Long-term use of benzodiazepines can induce perceptual disturbances and depersonalization in some people, even in those taking a stable daily dosage, and it can also become a protracted withdrawal feature of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. [54] In addition, chronic use of benzodiazepines is a risk factor for blepharospasm. [55]
Benzodiazepines including oxazepam are lipophilic drugs and rapidly penetrate membranes, so rapidly crosses over into the placenta with significant uptake of the drug. Use of benzodiazepines in late pregnancy, especially high doses, may result in floppy infant syndrome. [20]
If used in pregnancy, those benzodiazepines with a better and longer safety record, such as diazepam or chlordiazepoxide, are recommended over potentially more harmful benzodiazepines, such as temazepam [88] or triazolam. Using the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time minimizes the risks to the unborn child.
Use of benzodiazepines including diazepam in late pregnancy, especially high doses, can result in floppy infant syndrome. [62] Diazepam when taken late in pregnancy, during the third trimester , causes a definite risk of a severe benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in the neonate with symptoms including hypotonia , and reluctance to suck, to ...
Chlordiazepoxide and diazepam are considered to be among the safer benzodiazepines to use during pregnancy in comparison to other benzodiazepines. Possible adverse effects from benzodiazepine use during pregnancy include, miscarriage, malformation, intrauterine growth retardation, functional deficits, carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.
Lorazepam given to pregnant women antenatally may cause floppy infant syndrome [74] in the neonate, or respiratory depression necessitating ventilation. Regular lorazepam use during late pregnancy (the third trimester), carries a definite risk of benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in the neonate.
Benzodiazepines cross the placenta, enter the fetus, and are also excreted in breast milk. [9] The use of alprazolam during pregnancy is associated with congenital abnormalities, [9] [61] and use in the last trimester may cause fetal drug dependence and withdrawal symptoms in the post-natal period as well as neonatal flaccidity and respiratory ...
Benzodiazepines such as flunitrazepam are lipophilic and rapidly penetrate membranes and, therefore, rapidly cross over into the placenta with significant uptake of the drug. Use of benzodiazepines including flunitrazepam in late pregnancy, especially high doses, may result in hypotonia, also known as floppy baby syndrome. [15]