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Progressive bifocal chorioretinal atrophy, also known for its abbreviations PBCRA or CRAPB, [1] is a rare, slowly progressive, autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by relatively large-sized atrophic hole-shaped lesions in the macular and nasal retina, myopia, low visual acuity, and nystagmus.
Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) is a syndrome affecting the eye, which is characterized by peripheral atrophic chorioretinal scars, atrophy or scarring adjacent to the optic disc and maculopathy. The loss of vision in POHS is caused by choroidal neovascularization.
Recently, central serous chorioretinopathy has been understood to be part of the pachychoroid spectrum. [5] [6] In pachychoroid spectrum disorders, of which CSR represents stage II, the choroid, the highly vascularized layer below the retina, is thickened and congested with increased blood vessel diameter, especially in the deep choroid (the so-called Haller's layer).
The optic nerve can be damaged when exposed to direct or indirect injury. Direct optic nerve injuries are caused by trauma to the head or orbit that crosses normal tissue planes and disrupts the anatomy and function of the optic nerve; e.g., a bullet or forceps that physically injures the optic nerve.
Vision loss in dominant optic atrophy is due to optic nerve fiber loss from mitochondria dysfunction. Dominant optic atrophy is associated with mutation of the OPA1 gene [9] found on chromosome 3, region q28-qter. Also, 5 other chromosomal genes are described as causing optic atrophy: OPA2 (x-linked), OPA3 (dominant), OPA4 (dominant), OPA5 ...
The term "disc-at-risk" refers to an optic nerve head characterized by a small cup-to-disc ratio and a crowding of optic nerve fibers. This anatomical feature is a significant factor in the development of NAION. [4] [5] Individuals predisposed to this condition typically have smaller optic discs with minimal or no cupping. This anatomical ...
Birdshot chorioretinopathy, now commonly named birdshot uveitis or HLA-A29 uveitis, [1] is a rare form of bilateral posterior uveitis affecting both eyes.It causes severe, progressive inflammation of both the choroid and retina.
Fundus examination may reveal abnormalities like chorioretinal folds, optic nerve head swelling (papilledema) and tortuosity of blood vessels. [1] Causes.
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