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We reflect across the plane through (), (), and the north pole, forming a closed curve containing antipodal points , with length () = (). A curve connecting ± p {\displaystyle \pm p} has length at least π {\displaystyle \pi } , which is the length of the great semicircle between ± p {\displaystyle \pm p} .
The + and invariants keep track of how curves change under these transformations and deformations. The + invariant increases by 2 when a direct self-tangency move creates new self-intersection points (and decreases by 2 when such points are eliminated), while decreases by 2 when an inverse self-tangency move creates new intersections (and increases by 2 when they are eliminated).
Two Dimensional Curves; Visual Dictionary of Special Plane Curves; Curves and Surfaces Index (Harvey Mudd College) National Curve Bank; An elementary treatise on cubic and quartic curves by Alfred Barnard Basset (1901) online at Google Books
In geometry, a curve of constant width is a simple closed curve in the plane whose width (the distance between parallel supporting lines) is the same in all directions. The shape bounded by a curve of constant width is a body of constant width or an orbiform , the name given to these shapes by Leonhard Euler . [ 1 ]
A Jordan curve or a simple closed curve in the plane R 2 is the image C of an injective continuous map of a circle into the plane, φ: S 1 → R 2. A Jordan arc in the plane is the image of an injective continuous map of a closed and bounded interval [a, b] into the plane. It is a plane curve that is not necessarily smooth nor algebraic.
It is common in mathematics publications that define the Borromean rings to do so as a link diagram, a drawing of curves in the plane with crossings marked to indicate which curve or part of a curve passes above or below at each crossing. Such a drawing can be transformed into a system of curves in three-dimensional space by embedding the plane ...
A plane curve can often be represented in Cartesian coordinates by an implicit equation of the form (,) = for some specific function f.If this equation can be solved explicitly for y or x – that is, rewritten as = or = for specific function g or h – then this provides an alternative, explicit, form of the representation.
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