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  2. Class (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)

    Before a class derived from an abstract class can be instantiated, all abstract methods of its parent classes must be implemented by some class in the derivation chain. [25] Most object-oriented programming languages allow the programmer to specify which classes are considered abstract and will not allow these to be instantiated. For example ...

  3. Metaclass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaclass

    Since metaclass objects do not behave differently (you cannot add class methods for a metaclass, so metaclass objects all have the same methods), they are all instances of the same class—the metaclass of the root class (unlike Smalltalk). Thus, the metaclass of the root class is an instance of itself.

  4. Interface (object-oriented programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(object-oriented...

    In languages supporting multiple inheritance, such as C++, interfaces are implemented as abstract classes. In languages without explicit support, protocols are often still present as conventions. This is known as duck typing. For example, in Python, any class can implement an __iter__ method and be used as a collection. [3]

  5. Python syntax and semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics

    In Python, everything is an object, even classes. Classes, as objects, have a class, which is known as their metaclass. Python also supports multiple inheritance and mixins. The language supports extensive introspection of types and classes. Types can be read and compared—types are instances of type. The attributes of an object can be ...

  6. Bridge pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_pattern

    The bridge pattern is a design pattern used in software engineering that is meant to "decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently", introduced by the Gang of Four. [1]

  7. Class-based programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-based_programming

    In class-based programming, inheritance is done by defining new classes as extensions of existing classes: the existing class is the parent class and the new class is the child class. If a child class has only one parent class, this is known as single inheritance , while if a child class can have more than one parent class, this is known as ...

  8. Abstract type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_type

    By default, all methods in all classes are concrete, unless the abstract keyword is used. An abstract class may include abstract methods, which have no implementation. By default, all methods in all interfaces are abstract, unless the default keyword is used. The default keyword can be used to specify a concrete method in an interface.

  9. Visitor pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern

    It should be possible to define a new operation for (some) classes of an object structure without changing the classes. When new operations are needed frequently and the object structure consists of many unrelated classes, it's inflexible to add new subclasses each time a new operation is required because "[..] distributing all these operations across the various node classes leads to a system ...