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Three-spined stickleback research has been central to the field of eco-evolutionary dynamics. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Eco-evolutionary dynamics is an area of study investigating how ecological processes (e.g., population dynamics , community interactions , and nutrient cycling ) affect how populations evolve, and in turn, how these patterns of evolution ...
A three-spined stickleback like those used in Tinbergen's experiments. One example of fixed action patterns is the courtship and aggression behaviours of the male stickleback, particularly the three-spined stickleback, during mating season, described in a series of studies by Niko Tinbergen.
A nesting male three-spined stickleback, when approached by a group of conspecifics, will perform a distraction display by digging or pointing into the substrate away from the nest in order to protect his eggs from cannibalism. [9] There have been two explanations proposed for this behavior.
The maximum size of the best-known species, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), is about 4 inches, but few of them are more than 3 inches long. They mature sexually at a length of about 2 inches. [11] Most other stickleback species are roughly similar in size or somewhat smaller.
The parasite's definitive host, a bird, then consumes the infected three-spined stickleback and the cycle is complete. It has been observed that S. solidus alters the behavior of the fish in a manner that impedes its escape response when faced with a predatorial bird. [ 30 ]
Prevalence — the proportion of host population infected — in naturally infected populations of the first intermediate hosts is likely low. [5] Conversely, in populations where Schistocephalus solidus infects the second intermediate host (three-spined stickleback) it can reach high prevalence, up to 93% in both European and North American populations [6] [7]
Such aggressive behavior is seen in large juveniles, females and other fish of the same kind from the same area. For example, the three-spine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) is polygynous , with males preferring two or more female mates in their territory.
Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Three-spined stickleback) †Gasterosteus crenobiontus Băcescu & R. Mayer, 1956 (Techirghiol stickleback) Gasterosteus islandicus Sauvage, 1874 (Iceland stickleback) Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard, 1854 (Smallhead stickleback) Gasterosteus nipponicus Higuchi, Sakai & A. Goto, 2014 [1]