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For a real battery the exponent is greater than unity, and capacity decreases as discharge rate increases. For a lead–acid battery k {\displaystyle k} is typically between 1.1 and 1.3. For different lead–acid rechargeable battery technologies it generally ranges from 1.05 to 1.15 for VRSLAB AGM batteries , from 1.1 to 1.25 for gel , and ...
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery: 500–1,500 [14] Lithium cobalt oxide: 90 500–1,000 Lithium–titanate: 85–90 6,000–10,000 to 90% capacity [47] Lithium iron phosphate: 90 2,500 [55] –12,000 to 80% capacity [63] Lithium manganese oxide: 90 300–700
While the state of charge is usually expressed using percentage points (0 % = empty; 100 % = full), depth of discharge is either expressed using units of Ah (e.g. for a 50 Ah battery, 0 Ah is full and 50 Ah is empty) or percentage points (100 % is empty and 0 % is full). The capacity of a battery may also be higher than its nominal rating.
For example, a battery rated at 2 A·h for a 10- or 20-hour discharge would not sustain a current of 1 A for a full two hours as its stated capacity suggests. The C-rate is a measure of the rate at which a battery is being charged or discharged.
A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li + ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life.
A high cut-off voltage is more widespread than perhaps assumed. For example, a certain brand of mobile phone that is powered with a single-cell Lithium-ion battery cuts off at 3.3 V. The Li‑ion can be discharged to 3 V and lower; however, with a discharge to 3.3 V (at room temperature), about 92–98% of the capacity is used. [2]
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