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Replication of the viral RNA - The replication of the influenza virus, unlike most other RNA viruses, [38] takes place in the nucleus and involves two steps. The RdRp first of all transcribes the negative-sense viral genome into a positive-sense complimentary RNA (cRNA), then the cRNAs are used as templates to transcribe new negative-sense vRNA ...
The genetic structure of H5N1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (influenza A virus subtype H5N1), is characterized by a segmented RNA genome consisting of eight gene segments that encode for various viral proteins essential for replication, host adaptation, and immune evasion.
Influenza A viruses are further classified, based on the viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA or N). 18 HA subtypes (or serotypes) and 11 NA subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated in nature. Among these, the HA subtype 1-16 and NA subtype 1-9 are found in wild waterfowl and shorebirds and the HA ...
Influenza viruses have a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that is segmented. The negative sense of the genome means it can be used as a template to synthesize messenger RNA (mRNA). [10] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus have eight genome segments that encode 10 major proteins.
RNA viruses generally have very high mutation rates compared to DNA viruses, [8] because viral RNA polymerases lack the proofreading ability of DNA polymerases. [9] The genetic diversity of RNA viruses is one reason why it is difficult to make effective vaccines against them. [ 10 ]
Like Covid, avian flu is caused by an RNA virus, known as Influenza A. These viruses are predominantly spread by birds or pigs. While DNA is the long molecule that makes up human beings’ unique ...
Swine influenza (also known as swine flu or pig flu) is a respiratory disease that occurs in pigs that is caused by the Influenza A virus. Influenza viruses that are normally found in swine are known as swine influenza viruses (SIVs). The three main subtypes of SIV that circulate globally are A(H1N1), A(H1N2), and A(H3N2).
There are four different types of influenza virus: A, B, C, and D. Influenza C usually causes only mild illness while D mostly affects animals, especially cattle.