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Angiosarcoma is found to occur in 0.07% to 0.45% of people who survive at least 5 years after a radical mastectomy.Although the majority of Stewart-Treves syndrome-related angiosarcomas are caused by post-mastectomy lymphedema, angiosarcoma development has been linked to persistent lymphedema of any origin.
Several research groups have hypothesized that chronic inflammation is a key regulator in the development of lymphedema. Th cells, particularly Th2 differentiation, play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of lymphedema. Research has shown that increased expression of Th2-inducing cytokines in the epidermal cells of the lymphoedematous limb.
Awareness of lymphedema -- excessive, debilitating swelling related to lymph node blockage -- is growing, particularly as it affects women after breast cancer treatment. Treatments like surgery ...
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
The first such trial, led by Umberto Veronesi at the European Institute of Oncology, showed that women with breast tumours of 2 cm or less could safely forgo axillary dissection if their sentinel lymph nodes were found to be cancer-free on biopsy. [26] The benefits included less pain, greater arm mobility and less swelling in the arm. [27]
Lymphedema praecox [2] is a condition characterized by swelling of the soft tissues in which an excessive amount of lymph has accumulated, and generally develops in females between the ages of nine and twenty-five. This is the most common form of primary lymphedema, accounting for about 80% of the patients.
Meige lymphedema, Late-onset lymphedema, Lymphedema hereditary type 2, [1] Meige disease , or Meige lymphedema is a genetic disorder in which lymphedema later develops. [ 2 ] Meige disease is a primary lymphedema that is not caused by another condition; secondary lymphedema is a typical consequence of a mastectomy .
Image credits: dogswithjobs There’s a popular saying that cats rule the Internet, and research has even found that the 2 million cat videos on YouTube have been watched more than 25 billion ...