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Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) or echo-endoscopy is a medical procedure in which endoscopy (insertion of a probe into a hollow organ) is combined with ultrasound to obtain images of the internal organs in the chest, abdomen and colon. It can be used to visualize the walls of these organs, or to look at adjacent structures.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD), also called by various other names, is a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualizes the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract down to the duodenum.
An endoscopy is a procedure used in medicine to look inside the body. [1] The endoscopy procedure uses an endoscope to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike many other medical imaging techniques, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ.
A specialized probe containing an ultrasound transducer at its tip is passed into the patient's esophagus. [1] This allows image and Doppler evaluation which can be recorded. It is commonly used during cardiac surgery and is an excellent modality for assessing the aorta, although there are some limitations. [2]
FLIP is most often performed immediately following upper endoscopy (EGD). [1] EGD helps to rule out a mechanical obstruction as a cause for symptoms, and also provides an estimation on the distance from the incisors to the EGJ. [1] FLIP uses impedance planimetry to measure the cross sectional area of the esophageal lumen. [1]
A relatively new and less-invasive method involving endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance and fluoroscopy. A large bore needle is used to access the identified pseudocyst, creating a fistula between the cystic cavity and either the stomach or the duodenum. [6] Plastic stents may be placed to facilitate drainage from the pseudocyst. [4]
Endoscopic findings may include a hiatal hernia, esophagitis, strictures, tumors, or masses. [2] Increased pressure at the LES over time may result in an epiphrenic diverticulum. [2] Further evaluation for mechanical causes of obstruction may include CT scans, MRI, or endoscopic ultrasound. [2]
Medical ultrasound includes diagnostic techniques (mainly imaging techniques) using ultrasound, as well as therapeutic applications of ultrasound. In diagnosis, it is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs, to measure some characteristics (e.g., distances and velocities) or to generate an informative audible sound.