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Paleoneurobiology is the study of brain evolution by analysis of brain endocasts to determine endocranial traits and volumes. Considered a subdivision of neuroscience, paleoneurobiology combines techniques from other fields of study including paleontology and archaeology. It reveals specific insight concerning human evolution.
An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. [1] Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible space, or they may occur naturally through fossilization .
Encephalization quotient (EQ), encephalization level (EL), or just encephalization is a relative brain size measure that is defined as the ratio between observed and predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size, based on nonlinear regression on a range of reference species.
Analyzing variability in the location of gross anatomical landmarks such as sulci is an accepted method for studying evolutionary hominin brain reorganization. The position of the lunate sulcus in the occipital lobe has been studied in humans, early hominin endocasts, apes, and monkeys by researchers seeking to make inferences about the morphological evolution of brain regions associated with ...
The expensive tissue hypothesis (ETH) relates brain and gut size in evolution (specifically in human evolution).It suggests that in order for an organism to evolve a large brain without a significant increase in basal metabolic rate (as seen in humans), the organism must use less energy on other expensive tissues; the paper introducing the ETH suggests that in humans, this was achieved by ...
The neocortex area of the brain, responsible for sensory perception and other sensory brain functions, covers 28% of the medium-sized A. commune endocast's surface area. [64] Another endocast, which belongs to Anoplotherium sp., measures 7,173.92 mm (282.438 in) 2 in the cerebrum surface, 4,419.56 mm (173.998 in) 2 in neopallium surface, and ...
Endocast of an Amurosaurus brain in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views. As with previous studies, EQ values were investigated, although a wider number range was given to account for uncertainty in brain and body mass.
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