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In most modern reptiles and amphibians, the quadratojugal is a prominent, straplike bone in the skull and provides structural integrity in the postorbital region of the skull. [6] In many reptiles, the inner face of the quadratojugal also connects to the quadrate bone which forms the cranium's contribution to the jaw joint.
The quadrate bone is a skull bone in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In most tetrapods, the quadrate bone connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal bones in the skull, and forms upper part of the jaw joint.
The squamosal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In fishes, it is also called the pterotic bone. [1] In most tetrapods, the squamosal and quadratojugal bones form the cheek series of the skull. [2] The bone forms an ancestral component of the dermal roof and is typically thin compared to other skull bones. [3]
The jugal, or cheek-bone, is a skull bone that defines the lower border of the orbit and connects to the maxilla anteriorly and to the quadratojugal posteriorly. Its posterior end is bifurcated at its articulation with the quadratojugal, which is considered a synapomorphy of dinosaurs. [1]: 140 [25]: 12
The quadratojugal bosses on the cheek are broad and smooth with strong caudal curvature; The apex of the quadratojugal boss is rounded and unkeeled, and is situated caudally; The transverse nuchal crest on the rear skull roof is not visible in lateral, side, view; The occipital condyle is small, approximately 16% of basal skull length
The tuatara and some extinct rhynchocephalians have a more rigid skull with a complete lower temporal bar closing the lower temporal fenestra formed by the fusion of the jugal and quadrate/quadratojugal bones, similar to the condition found in primitive diapsids. However early rhynchocephalians and lepidosauromorphs had an open lower temporal ...
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The downward projecting process of the squamosal, a bone forming the upper rear corner of the skull, was elongated, distinguishing the genus from other dicraeosaurids. This suggests that it was connected to the quadratojugal bone at the lower rear edge of the skull, although the articulation itself is not preserved.