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The nervous system segmentation confers several developmental advantages to the vertebrate body as humans possess a body plan that is bilaterally segmented at the nervous system level. The segmentation is involved at all levels of the human nervous system with increasing level of complexity in the innervation from the brain to limbs. [1]
Deep dissection of brain-stem showing decussation. The decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle is the crossing of fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle across the midline, and is located at the level of the inferior colliculi.
Wound scars in the brain largely contain astrocytes. The extracellular matrix also provides support on the molecular level for the brain's cells, vehiculating substances to and from the blood vessels. At the organ level, the nervous system is composed of brain regions, such as the hippocampus in mammals or the mushroom bodies of the fruit fly. [11]
However, because the vertebral column grows longer than the spinal cord, spinal cord segments do not correspond to vertebral segments in the adult, particularly in the lower spinal cord. For example, lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments are found between vertebral levels T9 and L2, and the spinal cord ends around the L1/L2 vertebral level ...
Brain at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (view tree for regions of the brain) BrainMaps.org; BrainInfo (University of Washington) "Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works". Johns Hopkins Medicine. 14 July 2021. "Brain Map". Queensland Health. 12 July 2022.
Segmental innervation refers to the distribution (innervation) of nerves within an organ or muscle. These nerves are attached to a segment of the spine . [ 1 ]
The dopamine reward circuitry in the human brain involves two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex. First, the posteromedial VTA and central linear raphe cells selectively project to the ventromedial striatum , which includes the medial olfactory tubercle and the medial NAC shell .
The impulse travels from these upper motor neurons (located in the pre-central gyrus of the brain) through the anterior column. In contrast to the fibers for the lateral corticospinal tract, the fibers for the anterior corticospinal tract do not decussate at the level of the medulla oblongata , although they do cross over in the spinal level ...