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  2. Pauling's rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauling's_rules

    For typical ionic solids, the cations are smaller than the anions, and each cation is surrounded by coordinated anions which form a polyhedron.The sum of the ionic radii determines the cation-anion distance, while the cation-anion radius ratio + / (or /) determines the coordination number (C.N.) of the cation, as well as the shape of the coordinated polyhedron of anions.

  3. Traditional mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_mathematics

    Traditional mathematics education has been challenged by several reform movements over the last several decades, notably new math, a now largely abandoned and discredited set of alternative methods, and most recently reform or standards-based mathematics based on NCTM standards, which is federally supported and has been widely adopted, but ...

  4. Wide Range Achievement Test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Range_Achievement_Test

    The Wide Range Achievement Test, currently in its fifth edition (WRAT5), is an achievement test which measures an individual's ability to read words, comprehend sentences, spell, and compute solutions to math problems. [1] The test is appropriate for individuals aged 5 years through adult.

  5. Strength (mathematical logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_(mathematical_logic)

    The relative strength of two systems of formal logic can be defined via model theory. Specifically, a logic α {\displaystyle \alpha } is said to be as strong as a logic β {\displaystyle \beta } if every elementary class in β {\displaystyle \beta } is an elementary class in α {\displaystyle \alpha } .

  6. Problem-based learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-based_learning

    Today, there is a plethora of tools available to promote group collaboration online, each with unique strengths and limitations. Learning management systems and cloud-based solutions are the two most popular and accessible technological solution for online collaboration.

  7. Constrained optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_optimization

    One way for evaluating this upper bound for a partial solution is to consider each soft constraint separately. For each soft constraint, the maximal possible value for any assignment to the unassigned variables is assumed. The sum of these values is an upper bound because the soft constraints cannot assume a higher value.

  8. This Olympian's Shift Towards Sobriety Helped Her Reach Her ...

    www.aol.com/olympians-shift-towards-sobriety...

    "Hearst Magazines and Yahoo may earn commission or revenue on some items through these links." Sarah MacKay Robinson recalls the exact moment she started questioning the role that alcohol played ...

  9. Generalized assignment problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_assignment_problem

    A solution is an assignment from items to bins. A feasible solution is a solution in which for each bin the total weight of assigned items is at most . The solution's profit is the sum of profits for each item-bin assignment. The goal is to find a maximum profit feasible solution.