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When an ayatollah gains a significant following and they are recognized for religiously correct views, they are considered a Marja'-e-Taqlid, which in common parlance is "grand ayatollah". [24] Usually as a prelude to such status, a mujtahid [ note 1 ] is asked to publish a juristic treatise in which he answers questions about the application ...
OPEC had Iran and Iraq sit down and work aside their differences, which resulted in relatively good relations between the two nations throughout the 1970s. In 1978 the Shah made a request to then-Vice President Saddam Hussein to banish the expatriate Ayatollah Khomenei from Iraq, who had been living there in exile for the past 15 years. In ...
The Shah, who had gone into exile during the coup, returned to Iran and named General Fazlollah Zahedi as the new prime minister. Many contemporary sources attribute the coup, or counter coup , entirely to the U.S. American CIA ( CIA Coup ) and agents of the British MI6 who are reported to have organized and paid for it. [ 2 ]
Ayatollah Khomeini's confrontation with the Shah and the Islamic Revolution that followed united the Imami world in a way that no recent event has brought the Sunni world together. As a result, Shia ulama provides society with Islamic responses to contemporary questions, while Sunni ulama are becoming even more socially irrelevant.
Sadr called on people to uprising. He and his vocal sister were arrested on 5 April 1980 and killed three days later. [228] In September 1980, Iraq launched a full-scale invasion of Iran, beginning the Iran–Iraq War (September 1980 – August 1988). A combination of fierce resistance by Iranians and military incompetence by Iraqi forces soon ...
One exception to this relative calm was three days of rioting starting 5 June 1963 after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini—a leading opponent of the White Revolution—was arrested. Troops fired on demonstrators in Jaleh Square "slaughtering not less than 15,000 people" according to Khomeini translator Hamid Algar .
With the overthrow of the shah in 1979, the ideology of velayat-e faqih waxed and that of populism waned. Khomeini and his core group commenced establishing Islamic government of a ruling Jurist (Khomeini being the jurist) and purging unwanted allies : liberals, moderate Muslims (the Provisional Government ), then leftist Shi'a (like president ...
January 22: Khomeini issued a strongly worded declaration denouncing the Shah and his plans. Two days later Shah took armored column to Qom, and he delivered a speech harshly attacking the ulama. Khomeini continues his denunciation of the Shah's programs, issuing a manifesto that also bore the signatures of eight other senior scholars.