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The Lyapunov equation, named after the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov, is a matrix equation used in the stability analysis of linear dynamical systems. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In particular, the discrete-time Lyapunov equation (also known as Stein equation ) for X {\displaystyle X} is
The ordinary Lyapunov function is used to test whether a dynamical system is (Lyapunov) stable or (more restrictively) asymptotically stable. Lyapunov stability means that if the system starts in a state x ≠ 0 {\displaystyle x\neq 0} in some domain D , then the state will remain in D for all time.
Lyapunov functions are used extensively in control theory to ensure different forms of system stability. The state of a system at a particular time is often described by a multi-dimensional vector. A Lyapunov function is a nonnegative scalar measure of this multi-dimensional state.
In the theory of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), Lyapunov functions, named after Aleksandr Lyapunov, are scalar functions that may be used to prove the stability of an equilibrium of an ODE. Lyapunov functions (also called Lyapunov’s second method for stability) are important to stability theory of dynamical systems and control theory .
This quality of unpredictability and apparent randomness led the logistic map equation to be used as a pseudo-random number generator in early computers. [ 4 ] At r = 2, the function r x ( 1 − x ) {\displaystyle rx(1-x)} intersects y = x {\displaystyle y=x} precisely at the maximum point, so convergence to the equilibrium point is on the ...
This shows us that is indeed the solution for the Lyapunov equation under analysis. Properties. We can see that is a symmetric matrix, therefore, so is . We ...
Lyapunov proved that if the system of the first approximation is regular (e.g., all systems with constant and periodic coefficients are regular) and its largest Lyapunov exponent is negative, then the solution of the original system is asymptotically Lyapunov stable. Later, it was stated by O. Perron that the requirement of regularity of the ...
By the single-integrator procedure, the control law () (,) stabilizes the upper -to-y subsystem using the Lyapunov function (,), and so Equation is a new single-integrator system that is structurally equivalent to the single-integrator system in Equation .