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The form used by Viktorov, that brought Lamb waves into practical use, has wave velocity on the y-axis and /, the thickness/wavelength ratio, on the x-axis. The most practical form of all, for which credit is due to J. and H. Krautkrämer as well as to Floyd Firestone (who, incidentally, coined the phrase "Lamb waves") has wave velocity on the ...
Like light waves, inertial waves are transverse, which means that their vibrations occur perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. One peculiar geometrical characteristic of inertial waves is that their phase velocity , which describes the movement of the crests and troughs of the wave, is perpendicular to their group velocity , which is a ...
Mechanical waves can be produced only in media which possess elasticity and inertia. There are three types of mechanical waves: transverse waves, longitudinal waves, and surface waves. Some of the most common examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves. Like all waves, mechanical waves transport energy.
Rayleigh waves are distinct from other types of surface or guided acoustic waves such as Love waves or Lamb waves, both being types of guided waves supported by a layer, or longitudinal and shear waves, that travel in the bulk. Rayleigh waves have a speed slightly less than shear waves by a factor dependent on the elastic constants of the ...
Other types of waves include gravitational waves, which are disturbances in spacetime that propagate according to general relativity; heat diffusion waves; plasma waves that combine mechanical deformations and electromagnetic fields; reaction–diffusion waves, such as in the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction; and many more.
The energy difference Lamb and Retherford found was a rise of about 1000 MHz (0.03 cm −1) of the 2 S 1/2 level above the 2 P 1/2 level. This particular difference is a one-loop effect of quantum electrodynamics , and can be interpreted as the influence of virtual photons that have been emitted and re-absorbed by the atom.
1-dimensional corollaries for two sinusoidal waves. The following may be deduced by applying the principle of superposition to two sinusoidal waves, using trigonometric identities. The angle addition and sum-to-product trigonometric formulae are useful; in more advanced work complex numbers and fourier series and transforms are used.
These waves propagate in environments characterized by high shear and turbulence and likely derive their energy from waves of depression interacting with a shoaling bottom further upstream. [22] The conditions favorable to the generation of these waves are also likely to suspend sediment along the bottom as well as plankton and nutrients found ...