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The function of the immune system primarily depends on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by CD4 helper T-lymphocytes , as well as through monocytes , macrophages , and endothelial cells.
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, which is a type of cytokine signaling molecule forming part of the immune system. It is a 15.5–16 kDa protein [ 5 ] that regulates the activities of white blood cells (leukocytes, often lymphocytes ) that are responsible for immunity.
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine. In humans, it is encoded by the IL6 gene. [5] In addition, osteoblasts secrete IL-6 to stimulate osteoclast formation. Smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of many blood vessels also produce IL-6 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine.
The immune system is affected by sleep and rest, and sleep deprivation is detrimental to immune function. [96] Complex feedback loops involving cytokines , such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α produced in response to infection, appear to also play a role in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement ( REM ) sleep. [ 97 ]
Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ... IL-8 is secreted and is an important mediator of the immune reaction in the innate immune system response. Function
The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults. Discovery [ edit ]
The interleukin 4 (IL4, IL-4) is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (T h 0 cells) to T h 2 cells. Upon activation by IL-4, T h 2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 is produced primarily by mast cells, T h 2 cells, eosinophils and basophils. [4]
Anakinra is a recombinant and slightly modified version of the human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein. Anakinra blocks the biologic activity of IL-1 alpha and beta by competitively inhibiting IL-1 binding to the interleukin type 1 receptor (IL-1RI), which is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and organs.