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What the Nobel laureates discovered. ... the body will produce antibodies if it encounters the real virus. These are called vector vaccines. ... of mRNA vaccine technology has led to safe and ...
An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. [1] The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen -encoding mRNA into cells , which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a virus ) or by a ...
Although the quality and quantity of antibody production by a potential vaccine is intended to neutralize the COVID‑19 infection, a vaccine may have an unintended opposite effect by causing antibody-dependent disease enhancement (ADE), which increases the virus attachment to its target cells and might trigger a cytokine storm if a vaccinated ...
Prior to studying medicine, Robert Malone studied computer science at Santa Barbara City College for two years, acting as a teaching assistant in 1981. [2] [8] He received his BS in biochemistry from the University of California, Davis in 1984, his MS in biology from the University of California, San Diego in 1988, and his MD from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in 1991.
Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman discovered a key step toward making mRNA vaccines, leading to the COVID-19 vaccine and the Nobel Prize.
How COVID‑19 vaccines work. The video shows the process of vaccination, from injection with RNA or viral vector vaccines, to uptake and translation, and on to immune system stimulation and effect. Part of a series on the COVID-19 pandemic Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths ...
Despite the funding, research continued on live vaccines. [21] [16]: 85–87 Salk decided to use what he believed to be the safer "killed" virus, instead of weakened forms of strains of polio viruses like the ones used contemporaneously by Albert Sabin, who was developing an oral vaccine. [27]
The best-known of these viruses is SV40, a viral contaminant of the polio vaccine, whose discovery led to the recall of Salk's vaccine in 1961 and its replacement with Albert Sabin's oral vaccine. The contamination occurred in both vaccines at very low levels, but because the oral vaccine was ingested rather than injected, it did not result in ...