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Erythropoietin (/ ɪ ˌ r ɪ θ r oʊ ˈ p ɔɪ. ɪ t ɪ n,-r ə-,-p ɔɪ ˈ ɛ t ɪ n,-ˈ iː t ɪ n /; [1] [2] [3] EPO), also known as erythropoetin, haematopoietin, or haemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted mainly by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow.
Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and liver in response to low oxygen levels. In addition, erythropoietin is bound by circulating red blood cells; low circulating numbers lead to a relatively high level of unbound erythropoietin, which stimulates production in the bone marrow.
Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia (low levels of oxygen at tissue level) in the renal circulation. It stimulates erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) in the bone marrow . Calcitriol , the activated form of vitamin D , promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and the renal reabsorption of phosphate .
[2] [3] The high number of affected dogs at the Greenetrack Racing Park, Alabama, led to the initial pseudonyms of Greenetrack Disease and Alabama Rot. [4] The initial symptoms are skin lesions on the legs, chest and abdomen followed by renal involvement. [2] [3] In November 2012 the first cases were suspected in the UK. [5]
Acetaminophen (paracetamol, Tylenol) can cause liver damage in dogs. The toxic dose is 150 mg/kg. [174] Ibuprofen * can cause gastrointestinal irritation, stomach ulcers, and kidney damage in dogs. [175] Naproxen (Aleve)* has a long half-life in dogs and can cause gastrointestinal irritation, anemia, melena (digested blood in feces), and vomiting.
Dogs being treated with anticonvulsant medications that lower serum thyroxine levels such as phenobarbital do not appear to cause any symptoms of hypothyroidism. [ 2 ] Euthyroid sick syndrome, also known as nonthyroidal illness syndrome, is a term to describe when a euthyroid patient has low levels of serum thyroid hormone due to nonthyroidal ...
These early symptoms can include diarrhea (which is often bloody), stomach cramps, mild fever, [10] or vomiting that results in dehydration and reduced urine. [9] HUS typically develops about 5–10 days after the first symptoms, but can take up to 3 weeks to manifest, and occurs at a time when the diarrhea is improving. [10]
Abnormal kidney function may cause too much or too little urine to be produced. The ability of the kidneys to filter protein is often measured, as urine albumin or urine protein levels, [ 2 ] measured either at a single instance or, because of variation throughout the day, as 24-hour urine tests.