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Empagliflozin is an inhibitor of the sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2), and works by increasing sugar loss in urine. [2] Empagliflozin was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2014. [13] [23] [24] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [25]
The most common side effects include urinary infections, nasopharyngitis, and upper respiratory tract infections . [5] [6] The most serious side effects include ketoacidosis (high blood levels of acids called ‘ketoacids’), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), hypersensitivity (allergic reactions) and hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar levels).
Dapagliflozin, (brand name Forxiga), was approved by the EU in 2012, the first SGLT2 inhibitor approved anywhere. [28] It was approved for use in the United States under the brand name Farxiga in January 2014. [29] Empagliflozin, approved in the United States in August 2014, under the brand name Jardiance by Boehringer Ingelheim. [30]
To reduce the risk of developing ketoacidosis (a serious condition where the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones) after surgery, the FDA has approved changes to the prescribing information for SGLT2 inhibitor diabetes medications, recommending they be temporarily stopped before scheduled surgery.
Empagliflozin/metformin was approved for use in the European Union in May 2015. [5] Empagliflozin/metformin was approved for use in the United States in August 2015. [6] [11] The extended release version was approved for use in the United States in December 2016. [12] [13] Empagliflozin/metformin was approved for use in Australia in May 2020. [2]
Three drugs have been accepted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States; dapagliflozin, canagliflozin and empagliflozin. Canagliflozin was the first SGLT-2 inhibitor that was approved by the FDA, being accepted in March 2013. Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin were accepted in 2014.
Canagliflozin, sold under the brand name Invokana among others, is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. [3] It is used together with exercise and diet. [3] It is not recommended in type 1 diabetes. [3] It is taken by mouth. [3] Common side effects include vaginal yeast infections, nausea, constipation, and urinary tract infections. [3]
The pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan was estimated to be worth Rs. 748 billion (US$2.6 billion) in 2023, representing about 1% of the country's GDP. [ 1 ] The industry is largely import-dependent, with more than 90% of raw material being imported and only 12% of active pharmaceutical ingredients locally produced. [ 1 ]