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In statistics, intra-rater reliability is the degree of agreement among repeated administrations of a diagnostic test performed by a single rater. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability are aspects of test validity .
This includes intra-rater reliability. Inter-method reliability assesses the degree to which test scores are consistent when there is a variation in the methods or instruments used. This allows inter-rater reliability to be ruled out. When dealing with forms, it may be termed parallel-forms reliability. [6]
When conducting clinical trials, ensuring rating consistency is important, but can prove to be quite difficult to obtain. Studies dealing with such indications as pain, mental disease or mood are not able to easily track progress with physical or physiological testing, rather, verbal subjective human testing is used. This can allow for an array ...
Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of is =, where p o is the relative observed agreement among raters, and p e is the hypothetical probability of chance agreement, using the observed data to calculate the probabilities of each observer randomly selecting each category.
Fleiss' kappa is a generalisation of Scott's pi statistic, [2] a statistical measure of inter-rater reliability. [3] It is also related to Cohen's kappa statistic and Youden's J statistic which may be more appropriate in certain instances. [4]
Single measures: even though more than one measure is taken in the experiment, reliability is applied to a context where a single measure of a single rater will be performed; Average measures: the reliability is applied to a context where measures of k raters will be averaged for each subject. Consistency or absolute agreement:
where n is the total sample size, X_ i is the sum of items correct for the ith respondent and ¯ is the mean of X_ i values. If it is important to use unbiased operators then the sum of squares should be divided by degrees of freedom ( n − 1) and the probabilities are multiplied by n / ( n − 1 ) . {\textstyle n/(n-1).}
Q methodology is a research method used in psychology and in social sciences to study people's "subjectivity"—that is, their viewpoint. Q was developed by psychologist William Stephenson. It has been used both in clinical settings for assessing a patient's progress over time (intra-rater comparison), as well as in research settings to examine ...