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In statistical learning point of view, the matrix completion problem is an application of matrix regularization which is a generalization of vector regularization. For example, in the low-rank matrix completion problem one may apply the regularization penalty taking the form of a nuclear norm () = ‖ ‖
Bibliometrix is a package for the R statistical programming language for quantitative research in scientometrics and bibliometrics. [1]Bibliometrics is the application of quantitative analysis and statistics to publications such as journal articles and their accompanying citation counts.
Characteristic features of tidyverse packages include extensive use of non-standard evaluation and encouraging piping. [3] [4] [5] As of November 2018, the tidyverse package and some of its individual packages comprise 5 out of the top 10 most downloaded R packages. [6] The tidyverse is the subject of multiple books and papers.
In Python NumPy arrays implement the flatten method, [note 1] while in R the desired effect can be achieved via the c() or as.vector() functions. In R, function vec() of package 'ks' allows vectorization and function vech() implemented in both packages 'ks' and 'sn' allows half-vectorization. [2] [3] [4]
R is a programming language for statistical computing and data visualization. It has been adopted in the fields of data mining, bioinformatics and data analysis. [9] The core R language is augmented by a large number of extension packages, containing reusable code, documentation, and sample data. R software is open-source and free software.
The design matrix has dimension n-by-p, where n is the number of samples observed, and p is the number of variables measured in all samples. [4] [5]In this representation different rows typically represent different repetitions of an experiment, while columns represent different types of data (say, the results from particular probes).
The sample covariance matrix (SCM) is an unbiased and efficient estimator of the covariance matrix if the space of covariance matrices is viewed as an extrinsic convex cone in R p×p; however, measured using the intrinsic geometry of positive-definite matrices, the SCM is a biased and inefficient estimator. [1]
The group of packages strives to provide a cohesive collection of functions to deal with common data science tasks, including data import, cleaning, transformation and visualisation (notably with the ggplot2 package). The R Infrastructure packages [31] support coding and the development of R packages and as of 2021-05-04, Metacran [17] lists 16 ...