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The discrete logarithm is just the inverse operation. For example, consider the equation 3 k ≡ 13 (mod 17). From the example above, one solution is k = 4, but it is not the only solution. Since 3 16 ≡ 1 (mod 17)—as follows from Fermat's little theorem—it also follows that if n is an integer then 3 4+16n ≡ 3 4 × (3 16) n ≡ 13 × 1 n ...
Logarithmic number systems have been independently invented and published at least three times as an alternative to fixed-point and floating-point number systems. [1]Nicholas Kingsbury and Peter Rayner introduced "logarithmic arithmetic" for digital signal processing (DSP) in 1971.
For example, the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 1000 is 10 to the 3 rd power: 1000 = 10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10. More generally, if x = b y, then y is the logarithm of x to base b, written log b x, so log 10 1000 = 3. As a single-variable function, the logarithm to base b is the inverse of exponentiation with base b.
Baker's Theorem — If , …, are linearly independent over the rational numbers, then for any algebraic numbers , …,, not all zero, we have | + + + | > where H is the maximum of the heights of and C is an effectively computable number depending on n, and the maximum d of the degrees of . (If β 0 is nonzero then the assumption that are linearly independent can be dropped.)
The identities of logarithms can be used to approximate large numbers. Note that log b (a) + log b (c) = log b (ac), where a, b, and c are arbitrary constants. Suppose that one wants to approximate the 44th Mersenne prime, 2 32,582,657 −1. To get the base-10 logarithm, we would multiply 32,582,657 by log 10 (2), getting 9,808,357.09543 ...
Pollard's rho algorithm for logarithms is an algorithm introduced by John Pollard in 1978 to solve the discrete logarithm ... 20 2 1 1000 3 3 4 100 2 2 425 8 6 5 200 ...
Here’s another problem that’s very easy to write, but hard to solve. All you need to recall is the definition of rational numbers. Rational numbers can be written in the form p/q, where p and ...
The discrete logarithm part of the computation took approximately 3100 core-years, using Intel Xeon Gold 6130 CPUs as a reference (2.1 GHz). The researchers estimate that improvements in the algorithms and software made this computation three times faster than would be expected from previous records after accounting for improvements in hardware.