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Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. Positive values represent expiration, negative values represent inspiration. At the start of the test both flow and volume are equal to zero (representing the volume in the spirometer rather than the lung). The trace moves clockwise for expiration followed by inspiration.
The minimum and maximum volumes (V max and V min) from each loop in the series of loops are plotted on a graph. V max and V min lines are extrapolated and at their point of intersection, where V max is equal to V min, must be zero—conductance is parallel conductance only. The volume at this point is the correction volume.
Pressure-Volume loops showing end-systolic pressure volume relationship. End-systolic pressure volume relationship (ESPVR) describes the maximal pressure that can be developed by the ventricle at any given LV volume. This implies that the PV loop cannot cross over the line defining ESPVR for any given contractile state.
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A PV diagram plots the change in pressure P with respect to volume V for some process or processes. Typically in thermodynamics, the set of processes forms a cycle, so that upon completion of the cycle there has been no net change in state of the system; i.e. the device returns to the starting pressure and volume.
Ventricular volume; Electrocardiogram; Arterial flow (optional) Heart sounds (optional) The Wiggers diagram clearly illustrates the coordinated variation of these values as the heart beats, assisting one in understanding the entire cardiac cycle. [1]
Since then it has been extensively used by many researchers to solve different kinds of fluid flow and heat transfer problems. [1] Many popular books on computational fluid dynamics discuss the SIMPLE algorithm in detail. [2] [3] A modified variant is the SIMPLER algorithm (SIMPLE Revised), that was introduced by Patankar in 1979. [4]
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