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angle of attack α: angle between the x w,y w-plane and the aircraft longitudinal axis and, among other things, is an important variable in determining the magnitude of the force of lift; When performing the rotations described earlier to obtain the body frame from the Earth frame, there is this analogy between angles: β, ψ (sideslip vs yaw)
The stalling angle of attack is less in ground effect, by approximately 2–4 degrees, than in free air. [23] [24] When the flow separates there is a large increase in drag. If the aircraft overrotates on take-off at too low a speed the increased drag can prevent the aircraft from leaving the ground.
The H/V curve also contains a take-off profile, indicating how a pilot can start from 0 height and 0 speed, and safely traverse to cruise. At low heights with low airspeed, such as a hover taxi, the pilot can simply cushion the landing with collective by converting rotational inertia into lift. Conversely, a complete power loss, and resultant ...
An F/A-18 taking off from an aircraft carrier An Embraer E175 taking off. Takeoff is the phase of flight in which an aerospace vehicle leaves the ground and becomes airborne. For aircraft traveling vertically, this is known as liftoff.
If the projectile's position (x,y) and launch angle (θ) are known, the maximum height can be found by solving for h in the following equation: = () (). Angle of elevation (φ) at the maximum height is given by:
The guidance program is a precalculated lookup table of pitch vs time. Control is done with engine gimballing and/or aerodynamic control surfaces. The pitch program maintains a zero angle of attack (the definition of a gravity turn) until the vacuum of space is reached, thus minimizing lateral aerodynamic loads on the vehicle.
The take-off angle is the angle from the vertical of a seismic ray as it emerges from the earthquake focus. These angles are calculated from a standard set of tables that describe the relationship between the take-off angle and the distance between the focus and the observing station.
Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing or Conventional Take-off and Landing operation is preferred to VTOL operation. V/STOL was developed to allow fast jets to be operated from clearings in forests, from very short runways, and from small aircraft carriers that would previously only have been able to carry helicopters .