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  2. Logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

    Because log(x) is the sum of the terms of the form log(1 + 2 −k) corresponding to those k for which the factor 1 + 2 −k was included in the product P, log(x) may be computed by simple addition, using a table of log(1 + 2 −k) for all k. Any base may be used for the logarithm table. [53]

  3. Orders of magnitude (numbers) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)

    1/52! chance of a specific shuffle Mathematics: The chances of shuffling a standard 52-card deck in any specific order is around 1.24 × 10 −68 (or exactly 1 ⁄ 52!) [4] Computing: The number 1.4 × 10 −45 is approximately equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE floating-point value.

  4. Per meg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_meg

    The phrase per meg indicates a fraction equal to 0.001 permil, or 0.0001 percent, or 1 part per million ().It is typically used as a unit in isotope analysis, where multiplying an isotope ratio in delta annotation, for example δ 18 O, by 1000000 yields a value in per meg.

  5. Drag count - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_count

    A drag count is defined as: =, [3] where: is the drag force, which is by definition the force component in the direction of the flow velocity, [a] is the mass density of the fluid, [b]

  6. Basis point - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_point

    A related concept is one part per ten thousand, ⁠ 1 / 10,000 ⁠.The same unit is also (rarely) called a permyriad, literally meaning "for (every) myriad (ten thousand)". [4] [5] If used interchangeably with basis point, the permyriad is potentially confusing because an increase of one basis point to a 10 basis point value is generally understood to mean an increase to 11 basis points; not ...

  7. Harmonic series (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, the harmonic series is the infinite series formed by summing all positive unit fractions: = = + + + + +.. The first terms of the series sum to approximately ⁡ +, where is the natural logarithm and is the Euler–Mascheroni constant.

  8. 0.999... - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0.999...

    The Archimedean property: any point x before the finish line lies between two of the points P n (inclusive).. It is possible to prove the equation 0.999... = 1 using just the mathematical tools of comparison and addition of (finite) decimal numbers, without any reference to more advanced topics such as series and limits.

  9. Dichotomous thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomous_thinking

    Dichotomous thinking or binary thinking in statistics is the process of seeing a discontinuity in the possible values that a p-value can take during null hypothesis significance testing: it is either above the significance threshold (usually 0.05) or below.