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The TPACK framework has received a number of criticisms, the majority of which are related to the lack of a precise definition. Similar to Shulman's Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), which serves as a foundation for TPACK, scholars have debated whether TPACK is integrative or transformative leading to varied and nuanced perspectives. [33]
A classroom in Norway. Learning theory describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning.Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a worldview, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained.
Piaget came up with a theory for developmental psychology based on cognitive development. Cognitive development, according to his theory, took place in four stages. [ 1 ] These four stages were classified as the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages.
Theorists like John Dewey, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, whose collective work focused on how students learn, have informed the move to student-centered learning.Dewey was an advocate for progressive education, and he believed that learning is a social and experiential process by making learning an active process as children learn by doing.
The acquisition of physical knowledge has been equated with learning in Piaget's theory (Gruber and Voneche, 1995). In other words, thought is fit directly to experience. Piaget also called his view constructivism, because he firmly believed that knowledge acquisition is a process of continuous self-construction.
The development of constructivist models of teaching are specifically attributed to the works of Maria Montessori, which were further developed by more recent by theorists such as David A. Kolb, and Ronald Fry, among others. [4] These theorists have proposed sensory and activity-based learning methods.
Mansoor Niaz has argued that Piaget's stages were merely a heuristic for operationalizing his theory of equilibration. [2] [3] Piaget's theory does not sufficiently explain individual differences in cognitive development. The theory does not account for the fact that some individuals move from stage to stage faster than other individuals.
Piaget's operativity is considered to be prior to, and ultimately provides the foundation for, everyday learning, [12] much like fluid ability's relation to crystallized intelligence. [86] Piaget's theory also aligns with another psychometric theory, namely the psychometric theory of g, general intelligence. Piaget designed a number of tasks to ...