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General Railway Signal Company (GRS) was an American manufacturing company located in the Rochester, New York area. GRS was focused on railway signaling equipment, systems and services. The company was established in 1904 and became part of Alstom Transport in 1998.
[8]: 18 Ball signals were first used to direct train movements in 1852, on the New York and New Haven Railroad. [ 2 ] : 134 Other mechanical signals used during the 19th century include: A 4 feet (1.2 m) disc, painted red and mounted on a revolving pole; it indicated "stop" when positioned to face an approaching train.
Originally, signals displayed simple stop or proceed indications. As traffic density increased, this proved to be too limiting and refinements were added. One such refinement was the addition of distant signals on the approach to stop signals. The distant signal gave the driver warning that they were approaching a signal which might require a stop.
The time interval may be controlled by a level crossing predictor, an electronic device which is connected to the rails of a railroad track, and activates the crossing's warning devices (lights, bells, gates, etc.) at a consistent interval prior to the arrival of a train at a level crossing. [1]
Of particular concern are situations where different operating rules govern identical, or similar, signal aspects on different railroads. [1] Some railroad operating officials believe standardized railroad operating rules would have a positive impact on the railroad industry in fundamental and important ways, including:
The valve gear, actuated by connection to the driving wheels, ensures that steam is delivered to the piston with precision. Types are slide valves, piston valves or poppet valves. [2] [3]: 62 Valve chest / Steam chest Valve chamber next to the cylinder (24) containing passageways to distribute steam to the cylinders. [6]: 41 [3]: 75 Firebox
When a train has made a full brake application due to adverse event, or has lost its train air due to a defective valve (a "kicker"), or a broken air line or train separation. The train crew will normally declare that they are "in emergency" over the train radio, thus warning other trains and the dispatcher that there is a problem. [101] [102]
The company manufactured automatic block signaling systems, disc signals (also called "banjo" signals), a rotating semaphore signal, grade crossing signals, and the first searchlight-style signal. [1] [2]: 52 The company was established in 1871 with main offices in New York City and a factory in Meriden, Connecticut. [3]