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A digestive tubule cell of the sea slug Elysia clarki, packed with chloroplasts taken from green algae. C = chloroplast, N = cell nucleus. Electron micrograph: scale bar is 3 μm. Kleptoplasty or kleptoplastidy is a process in symbiotic relationships whereby plastids, notably chloroplasts from algae, are sequestered by the host
During the Second World War biological collections, like the herbarium in Berlin have been destroyed. This led to the loss of type specimens. [7] [8] In some cases only kleptotypes have survived the destruction, as the type material had been removed from their original collections. [8]
Chloroplasts, containing thylakoids, visible in the cells of Rosulabryum capillare, a type of moss. A chloroplast (/ ˈ k l ɔːr ə ˌ p l æ s t,-p l ɑː s t /) [1] [2] is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.
Costasiella kuroshimae is a selective feeder of algae from the genus Avrainvillea, [5] from which it sequesters chloroplasts into its own cells, retaining them for short-term photosynthesis. Even in the absence of active photosynthesis, chloroplasts provide a nutrient storage or "larder" that facilitates the survival of the slug without food ...
In the related process of kleptoplasty, the predator sequesters plastids (especially chloroplasts) from dietary algae. The chloroplasts can still photosynthesize, but do not last long after the prey's cells are metabolised. If the predator can also sequester cell nuclei from the prey to encode proteins for the plastids, it can sustain them.
Suharto, the former President of Indonesia, was reported to have stolen over $15 billion during his presidency. In early 2004, the German anti-corruption NGO Transparency International released a list of ten self-enriching leaders in the two decades previous to the report. Transparency International acknowledged that they were "not necessarily ...
Possible cladogram of chloroplast evolution [2] [3] Circles represent endosymbiotic events. For clarity, dinophyte tertiary endosymbioses and many nonphotosynthetic lineages have been omitted. a It is now established that Chromalveolata is paraphyletic to Rhizaria .
Chloroplasts that are present in large numbers are typically smaller, are without pyrenoids and species containing fewer chloroplasts tend to have much larger ones. Phacus , like all photosynthetic euglenoids, obtained their plastids through secondary endosymbiosis , where the ancestral phagocytic euglenoid engulfed a green alga , and the ...