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File descriptors for a single process, file table and inode table. Note that multiple file descriptors can refer to the same file table entry (e.g., as a result of the dup system call [3]: 104 ) and that multiple file table entries can in turn refer to the same inode (if it has been opened multiple times; the table is still simplified because it represents inodes by file names, even though an ...
The character device for a hard disk, for example, will normally require that all reads and writes be aligned to block boundaries and most certainly will not allow reading a single byte. Character devices are sometimes known as raw devices to avoid the confusion surrounding the fact that a character device for a piece of block-based hardware ...
dd is a command-line utility for Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and Unix-like operating systems and beyond, the primary purpose of which is to convert and copy files. [1] On Unix, device drivers for hardware (such as hard disk drives) and special device files (such as /dev/zero and /dev/random) appear in the file system just like normal files; dd can also read and/or write from/to these files ...
Data scrubbing is another method to reduce the likelihood of data corruption, as disk errors are caught and recovered from before multiple errors accumulate and overwhelm the number of parity bits. Instead of parity being checked on each read, the parity is checked during a regular scan of the disk, often done as a low priority background process.
A: — Floppy disk drives, 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 ″ or 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 ″, and possibly other types of disk drives, if present. B: — Reserved for a second floppy drive (that was present on many PCs). C: — First hard disk drive partition. D: to Z: — Other disk partitions get labeled here. Windows assigns the next free drive letter to the next drive it ...
Enable the Input menu (via the 'Input Sources' panel of the 'Keyboard' System Preferences). This gives access to: the Keyboard Viewer, which can be used to view and input characters accessed via the ⌥ Option key; the Character Viewer, which can be used to access any Unicode character. It is also available from the Special Characters tool
systemd tracks processes using the Linux kernel's cgroups subsystem instead of using process identifiers (PIDs); thus, daemons cannot "escape" systemd, not even by double-forking. systemd not only uses cgroups, but also augments them with systemd-nspawn and machinectl , two utility programs that facilitate the creation and management of Linux ...
badblocks is a Linux utility to check for bad sectors on a disk drive. It can create a text file with a list of these sectors that can be used with other programs, like mkfs, so that they are not used in the future and thus do not cause data corruption. It is part of the e2fsprogs project, [1] and a port is available for BSD operating systems. [2]