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F2 propagation (F2-skip) is the reflection of VHF signals off the F2 layer of the ionosphere. The phenomenon is rare compared to other forms of propagation (such as sporadic E propagation , or E-skip) but can reflect signals thousands of miles beyond their intended broadcast area, substantially farther than E-skip.
Unit 6 - Cities and Urban Land Use Patterns and Processes Topic Number Topic Description 6.1 The Origin and Influences of Urbanization 6.2 Cities Across the World 6.3 Cities and Globalization 6.4 The Size and Distribution of Cities 6.5 The Internal Structure of Cities 6.6 Density and Land Use 6.7 Infrastructure 6.8 Urban Sustainability 6.9
Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources, mitigation of natural hazards and environmental protection. [4] In exploration geophysics , geophysical survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, locate groundwater, find archaeological relics, determine the thickness of glaciers and ...
Topics of geopolitics include relations between the interests of international political actors focused within an area, a space, or a geographical element, relations which create a geopolitical system. [4] Critical geopolitics deconstructs classical geopolitical theories, by showing their political or ideological functions for great powers.
A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit [a] (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42,164 km (26,199 mi) in radius from Earth's center, and following the direction of Earth's rotation.