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F2 propagation (F2-skip) is the reflection of VHF signals off the F2 layer of the ionosphere. The phenomenon is rare compared to other forms of propagation (such as sporadic E propagation , or E-skip) but can reflect signals thousands of miles beyond their intended broadcast area, substantially farther than E-skip.
Since then, despite some calls [4] for convergence centred on the structure and agency debate, [5] its methodological, theoretical and topical diversity has spread even more, leading to numerous definitions of social geography [6] and, therefore, contemporary scholars of the discipline identifying a great variety of different social geographies ...
Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources, mitigation of natural hazards and environmental protection. [4] In exploration geophysics , geophysical survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, locate groundwater, find archaeological relics, determine the thickness of glaciers and ...
Topics of geopolitics include relations between the interests of international political actors focused within an area, a space, or a geographical element, relations which create a geopolitical system. [4] Critical geopolitics deconstructs classical geopolitical theories, by showing their political or ideological functions for great powers.